{"id":7359,"date":"2019-09-03T04:20:20","date_gmt":"2019-09-03T10:20:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/?p=7359"},"modified":"2021-05-29T14:49:05","modified_gmt":"2021-05-29T20:49:05","slug":"persian-empire-language-writing-and-scribes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/persian-empire-language-writing-and-scribes\/","title":{"rendered":"Persian Empire Language, Writing and Scribes"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/persian-empire-language-writing-and-scribes\/#Persian_Empire_Language_Writing_and_Scribes\" >Persian Empire Language, Writing and Scribes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/persian-empire-language-writing-and-scribes\/#Cyrus_the_Great\" >Cyrus the Great<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/persian-empire-language-writing-and-scribes\/#Cambyses_and_the_Lost_Persian_Army\" >Cambyses and the Lost Persian Army<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/persian-empire-language-writing-and-scribes\/#Darius_the_Great_and_the_Royal_Road\" >Darius the Great and the Royal Road<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/persian-empire-language-writing-and-scribes\/#Alexander_the_Great_Conquers_the_Persian_Empire\" >Alexander the Great Conquers the Persian Empire<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/persian-empire-language-writing-and-scribes\/#Zoroastrianism_Religion\" >Zoroastrianism Religion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/persian-empire-language-writing-and-scribes\/#Persian_Empire_Royal_Capitals\" >Persian Empire Royal Capitals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/persian-empire-language-writing-and-scribes\/#Persian_Empire_Scribes_and_Records\" >Persian Empire Scribes and Records<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/persian-empire-language-writing-and-scribes\/#Persepolis_Fortification_Archive\" >Persepolis Fortification Archive<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/persian-empire-language-writing-and-scribes\/#Video_Lost_City_of_Persepolis\" >Video, Lost City of\u00a0Persepolis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/persian-empire-language-writing-and-scribes\/#Persian_Royal_Ensign\" >Persian Royal Ensign<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/persian-empire-language-writing-and-scribes\/#Muslim_Conquest_of_Persia\" >Muslim Conquest of Persia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Persian_Empire_Language_Writing_and_Scribes\"><\/span><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-7411\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Persian-Empire-Language-Writing-Scribes-320x200.jpg\" alt=\"Persian Empire Language Writing Scribes\" width=\"320\" height=\"200\" \/>Persian Empire Language, Writing and Scribes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>Persian Empire<\/strong> was vast, over 3,000 miles wide, the world&#8217;s first superpower, starting with <strong>Cyrus the Great<\/strong> around 550 BC.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Persian rulers were tolerant and allowed different languages, laws, religions, and customs to continue in their conquered regions.\u00a0 <strong>Scribes<\/strong> used different languages and writing systems, usually based on the region and type of record. Most surviving records were engraved using a reed stylus on clay tablets.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 1935, Persia was internationally renamed to <strong>Iran<\/strong> (Land of the Aryans), its original name before the Greek name was used.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Modern <strong>Persian language<\/strong> is also referred to as the <strong>Farsi<\/strong> language, originating in the Fars province, the historic homeland of Persia. It is known as <strong>Dari<\/strong> or Afghan Persian dialect in Afghanistan. It is written using a modified Arabic alphabet.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cyrus_the_Great\"><\/span>Cyrus the Great<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_7422\" style=\"width: 110px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7422\"  class=\"wp-image-7422 size-full\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cyrus-the-Great-painting.jpg\" alt=\"Cyrus the Great painting\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7422\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cyrus the Great<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">King Cyrus the Great from Persia (reigned 559\u2013530 BC) conquered neighboring kingdoms in central Asia to create the first Persian Empire (<strong>Achaemenid Empire<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The empire started as a group of semi-nomadic tribes who raised sheep, goats, and cattle on the arid Persian plateau.\u00a0 It lasted about 200 years, to 330 BC.\u00a0 Eventually, it stretched from current-day <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notaries-ancient-greece-360-bc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Greece<\/a><\/strong><\/span> and Libya in the west, to Afghanistan and India in the east.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7425\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7425\"  class=\"wp-image-7425 size-full\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cyrus-Cylinder.jpg\" alt=\"Cyrus Cylinder\" width=\"150\" height=\"100\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7425\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cyrus Cylinder<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cyrus the Great is immortalized in the story of how he conquered Babylon, inscribed in clay in 539 BC on the <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong>.\u00a0 It champions tolerance and equality and is considered to be the first Declaration of Human Rights.\u00a0 A replica is on display at the <strong>United Nations<\/strong> headquarters in New York.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7420\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7420\"  class=\"wp-image-7420 size-full\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cyrus-the-Great-Tomb.jpg\" alt=\"Cyrus the Great Tomb\" width=\"150\" height=\"90\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7420\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cyrus the Great Tomb<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to <strong>Hebrew<\/strong> scriptures, in 539 BC, Cyrus freed the <strong>Jewish<\/strong> people from captivity in <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/code-of-hammurabi-babylon-1754-bc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Babylon<\/strong><\/a><\/span> and allowed them to return to Jerusalem.\u00a0 He helped them to rebuild their temple.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cambyses_and_the_Lost_Persian_Army\"><\/span>Cambyses and the Lost Persian Army<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">King <strong>Cambyses<\/strong>, son of Cyrus, (reigned 530\u2013522 BC) conquered <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notaries-ancient-phoenicia-1500-bc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Phoenicia<\/a><\/span><\/strong>, Cyprus, and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notaries-in-ancient-egypt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Egypt<\/strong><\/a><\/span> to expand the empire.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Greek historian <strong>Herodotus<\/strong> wrote that the <strong>Lost Persian Army<\/strong> of 50,000 elite soldiers disappeared in 525 BC in a hurricane-force sandstorm in the Great Sand Sea of Egypt&#8217;s Western Desert, on their way to capture the Siwa Oasis, home to an oracle of Ammon.\u00a0 Sandstorms may last for days.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">Despite several searches in Egypt, the mysterious disappearance remains unsolved.\u00a0 See the video, <\/span><em style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lost Army of King Cambyses<\/em><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Darius_the_Great_and_the_Royal_Road\"><\/span>Darius the Great and the Royal Road<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_7429\" style=\"width: 110px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7429\"  class=\"wp-image-7429 size-full\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Persian-gold-coin-Achaemenid-daric.jpg\" alt=\"Persian gold coin Achaemenid daric\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7429\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Persian daric gold coin<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Later Achaemenid Empire kings included King <strong>Darius I<\/strong> (Darius the Great) (reigned 522-486 BC), a cousin of Cyrus.\u00a0 He introduced a standard currency using a gold coin (<strong>daric<\/strong>), worth 20 times more than a silver coin (siglos), weights and measures, a legal code, built roads, canals, ports and banking houses, and made <strong>Aramaic<\/strong> the official language.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7486\" style=\"width: 140px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7486\"  class=\"wp-image-7486 size-full\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Persepolis-Aramaic-tablet.jpg\" alt=\"Persepolis Aramaic tablet\" width=\"130\" height=\"100\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7486\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Persepolis Aramaic tablet<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aramaic originated in the region of Aram (grandson of Noah), meaning highlands, now Syria, and spread to Babylonia. It is similar to Hebrew and written in a script derived from the Phoenician alphabet, composed of 22 letters, with no vowels.\u00a0 Vowels were implied by the context of the words.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aramaic became popular because it was simpler, with fewer characters than other languages. It could be written quickly with ink on animal skins, parchment or papyrus, using a brush or pen, rather than requiring slow, complicated cuneiform impressions made with a wedge-shaped stylus on soft clay tablets.\u00a0 Aramaic became the language of official documents, diplomacy, and commercial transactions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The ability to write Aramaic on lightweight, flexible material, rather than clay tablets, enabled documents and messages to be easily transported over long distances.\u00a0 A quick writing system also saved time when making copies by hand.\u00a0 But documents made of flammable, organic material were not durable like clay or stone and did not survive the centuries, except under ideal archive conditions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jesus preached in Aramaic, and parts of the Old Testament were written in Aramaic language.\u00a0 Aramaic is still spoken today in some social, academic and religious communities, but it is not available in Google Translate.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Under Darius, the <strong>Old Persian<\/strong> language was created, to record his achievements. It was not used much for literature or recordkeeping. It had 42 signs and was influenced by Aramaic.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>Behistun Inscription<\/strong> is a three-language inscription and large rock relief established by Darius in a limestone cliff at Mount Behistun near Kermanshah in western Persia. The same text of empire history was written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian (a variety of Akkadian). It was crucial to deciphering cuneiform script like the Rosetta Stone was key to decoding Egyptian hieroglyphs.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Darius extended the empire to the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/indus-valley-civilization-writing-seals\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Indus Valley Civilization<\/a><\/strong><\/span> and developed the world\u2019s first postal service.\u00a0 Couriers on horseback rode on the <strong>Royal Road<\/strong>, 1600 miles in 7 days.\u00a0 Relay stations every 15 miles, with military guards, provided food, shelter, supplies and fresh horses.\u00a0 The <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/pony-express-1860-1861\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Pony Express<\/strong><\/a><\/span> of 1860 AD resembled the Persian relay station system of 500 BC.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Herodotus wrote that &#8220;<em>there is nothing in the world that travels faster than these Persian couriers. Neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor gloom of night stays these courageous couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds&#8221;<\/em>. The motto was chiseled in granite centuries later on a U.S. Post Office in New York.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Herodotus also wrote that it was customary for representatives of conquered nations to bring token gifts of &#8220;<em>earth and water<\/em>&#8221; to show their surrender and submission to the rule of Persian kings.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Darius started an imperial navy, with personnel including Phoenicians, Egyptians, Cypriots, and Greeks.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alexander_the_Great_Conquers_the_Persian_Empire\"><\/span>Alexander the Great Conquers the Persian Empire<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Alexander the Great<\/strong> of Macedonia conquered the first Persian Empire in 330 BC.\u00a0 He replaced Aramaic with Greek as the official language.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zoroastrianism_Religion\"><\/span>Zoroastrianism Religion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The first Persian Empire was shaped by the <strong>Zoroastrianism<\/strong> religion, named after the prophet Zoroaster (<strong>Zarathustra<\/strong>).\u00a0 Zoroastrianism was the world\u2019s first monotheistic religion.\u00a0 It believes in mankind\u2019s free choice between good and evil, the final judgment, heaven, hell, and an almighty, kind, loving and forgiving God.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cyrus ruled by the Zoroastrian law of asha (truth and righteousness), but he did not impose his religion on the people of Persia\u2019s conquered territories.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Persian_Empire_Royal_Capitals\"><\/span>Persian Empire Royal Capitals<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Five cities served as royal capitals as the empire evolved. Cyrus built <strong>Pasargadae<\/strong> in Persia province, near the Persian Gulf, to commemorate his victory over the Medes in the north, but it was too remote.\u00a0 Cyrus then rebuilt <strong>Babylon<\/strong> in the west when affairs brought him to Babylonia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Darius I moved the capital east to <strong>Susa<\/strong>, the capital of the Elamites.\u00a0 It was a hub for road and water transportation but it was too hot in the summer. The capital moved north to a cooler location at <strong>Ecbatana<\/strong>, the old capital of the Medes in the Zagros Mountains. Finally, around 518 BC Darius began construction of a new capital at <strong>Persepolis<\/strong>, south of Pasargadae.<\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sardis<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"> was also an important city, the capital of the conquered ancient wealthy kingdom of Lydia, now in western Turkey. It formed the west end station for the Persian Royal Road which began in Persepolis.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7404\" style=\"width: 110px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7404\"  class=\"wp-image-7404 size-full\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Persian-Empire-cylinder-seal-lapis-lazuli.jpg\" alt=\"Persepolis cylinder seal lapis lazuli\" width=\"100\" height=\"130\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7404\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Persepolis lapis lazuli cylinder seal<\/p><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Persian_Empire_Scribes_and_Records\"><\/span>Persian Empire Scribes and Records<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Each province (satrap) was headed by a governor. A state secretary kept the official records.\u00a0 Scribes kept extensive government and military records.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">From the reign of Darius, general land registries recorded by <strong>notaries<\/strong> kept track of private land ownership. Sales tax was due on the transfer of real estate.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7406\" style=\"width: 130px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7406\"  class=\"wp-image-7406 size-full\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Persian-Empire-Persepolis-ring-stamp-seal.jpg\" alt=\"Persian Empire Persepolis ring stamp seal\" width=\"120\" height=\"130\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7406\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Persepolis ring seal, stamp seal<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nobles, scribes and high-ranking public officials were literate. Scribal schools taught reading, writing, grammar, mathematics, and astronomy. In Achaemenid Babylonia, scribes included the sons of shepherds, fishermen, and weavers.\u00a0 School texts included <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notaries-in-ancient-sumeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sumerian<\/a><\/span><\/strong>-Babylonian dictionaries, tablets with cuneiform signs, and examples of grammatical usage and exercises.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7489\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7489\"  class=\"wp-image-7489 size-full\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Elamite-tablet-Louvre-Paris.jpg\" alt=\"Elamite clay tablet Louvre Paris\" width=\"140\" height=\"100\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7489\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elamite clay tablet Louvre Paris<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>Elamite<\/strong> language of the Elam region of the Persian Plateau is considered a language isolate, unrelated to neighboring languages.\u00a0 Elamite cuneiform was largely a syllabary of some 130 glyphs (character symbols).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The development of writing in Elam paralleled that in <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notaries-in-ancient-sumeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sumer<\/a><\/strong><\/span>.\u00a0 As early as 8,000 BC, different shapes of clay tokens were used to represent grain, livestock, alcohol, and manufactured goods for record-keeping and transactions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Old Persian<\/strong> cuneiform script was used mainly for royal triumphal inscriptions.\u00a0 Few examples have survived.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Royal Road through the Persian Empire was part of the <strong>Silk Road<\/strong> trade route from <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/roman-law-influence-on-notaries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rome<\/a><\/strong><\/span> to China.\u00a0 Foreign scribes in the state chancery wrote mostly in Aramaic, used widely in trade.\u00a0 Many documents were written on perishable parchment and papyrus. They did not survive, except under very dry conditions and by avoiding fire.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aramaic scribes (s\u0113piru) are frequently attested as agents of the provincial and imperial government.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Babylonian<\/strong> (Akkadian) was used in Mesopotamia for literature, religion, and recordkeeping.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In Elephantine, on the upper Nile River near Aswan in Egypt, Achaemenid military colonists usually signed their own names in Aramaic when serving as witnesses to contracts.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Persepolis_Fortification_Archive\"><\/span>Persepolis Fortification Archive<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_7435\" style=\"width: 110px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7435\"  class=\"wp-image-7435 size-full\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Old-Persian-tablet-Persepolis.jpg\" alt=\"Old Persian clay tablet Persepolis\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7435\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Old Persian clay tablet Persepolis<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Parsa<\/strong> was renamed <strong>Persepolis<\/strong> (City of Persians) by the Greeks.\u00a0 Although the city was burned by Alexander the Great in 330 BC, the heat of the fire hardened the clay tablets.\u00a0 Then a wall fell and covered a storage room, preserving thousands of tablets for centuries.\u00a0 Over time, the location became covered with wind-blown sand and forgotten.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Records and libraries were also deliberately destroyed when Persia was conquered by the <strong>Arabs<\/strong> starting in 633 AD and by the <strong>Mongol Empire<\/strong> of <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/tata-tonga-scribe-of-genghis-khan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Genghis Khan<\/strong><\/a><\/span> starting in 1220 AD.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7405\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7405\"  class=\"wp-image-7405 size-full\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Persian-Empire-seal-meeting-king.jpg\" alt=\"Persepolis seal impression meeting king\" width=\"200\" height=\"130\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7405\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Persepolis seal impression meeting king<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 1933, archaeologists from the <strong>Oriental Institute<\/strong> of the <strong>University of Chicago<\/strong>, working at the ancient Persian capital, found thousands of clay tablets, written in several languages. The collection is known as the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/oi.uchicago.edu\/research\/projects\/persepolis-fortification-archive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Persepolis Fortification Archive<\/a><\/strong><\/span> (PFA).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7432\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7432\"  class=\"wp-image-7432 size-full\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Persepolis-Gate-of-All-Nations.jpg\" alt=\"Persepolis Gate of All Nations\" width=\"150\" height=\"100\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7432\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Persepolis Gate of All Nations<\/p><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Video_Lost_City_of_Persepolis\"><\/span>Video, Lost City of\u00a0Persepolis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Lost Worlds: Persepolis<\/em> is a 50-minute documentary video, released in 2002, telling the story of the Persian Empire and showing images of the capital city.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Persian_Royal_Ensign\"><\/span>Persian Royal Ensign<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_7415\" style=\"width: 110px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7415\"  class=\"wp-image-7415 size-full\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cyrus-the-Great-eagle-flag-royal-ensign.jpg\" alt=\"Cyrus the Great eagle flag royal ensign\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7415\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cyrus the Great eagle flag royal ensign<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Greek historian <strong>Xenophon<\/strong> wrote, in <em>The Expedition of Cyrus<\/em>, that the royal ensign of the Persian Empire was a golden eagle with wings extended, resting on a spear.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When the Persians conquered the Medes, the Persian royal ensign was a ram with two horns, one higher than the other, representing the dominant Persian dynasty.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ammianus Marcellinus (in his work <em>Roman History, <\/em>Book 19,1.3) wrote that Persian King \u0160\u0101p\u016br II (309-379), the tenth king of the Sasanian Empire, wore a ram&#8217;s head battle helmet at the siege of Amida, \u201c<em>The king himself upon a charge\u1e5b . . . wearing in place of a diadem (crown) a golden image of a ram\u2019s head, set with precious stones<\/em>.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The ram&#8217;s head symbol is still seen on the pillars of Persepolis and on ancient Persian coins.\u00a0\u00a0Wall carvings at the <strong>Apadana<\/strong> royal reception hall at Persepolis depict delegates from an imperial province bringing rams as a tribute to Darius the Great.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Muslim_Conquest_of_Persia\"><\/span>Muslim Conquest of Persia<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Sasanian Empire was the last kingdom of the Persian Empire before the rise of <strong>Islam<\/strong>.\u00a0 Persia was weakened after several decades of warfare with the Byzantine Empire.\u00a0 The Muslim conquest of Persia started when Arab armies began invading the political and economic center province in Mesopotamia in 633 AD.\u00a0 Following several waves of attacks, the Arab conquest of Persia was completed in 651 AD, bringing <strong>Islamic law<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Image Credits<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. Persian Empire map, Cyrus the Great artwork with wings, Persepolis soldiers, Tomb of Cyrus the Great, Creative Commons, Wikipedia<br \/>\n2. Cyrus the Great painting, Cyrus Cylinder, daric gold coin, Persepolis.nu,\u00a0fair use for education<br \/>\n3. Persepolis Aramaic writing, blue cylinder seal in lapis lazuli, stamp seal, ring seal, seal impressions, clay tablets, Persepolis Fortification Archive, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, fair use for education<br \/>\n4. Elamite clay tablet, public domain, Wikipedia, from Louvre Museum, Paris<br \/>\n5. Persian flag, golden eagle, royal ensign, Creative Commons, Wikipedia<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Visit our website for\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/mobile-notary\/\">Colorado Springs Mobile Notary<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0services or\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-notary-training\/\">Colorado Notary Training<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>classes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a9 Copyright 2019 ABC Legal Docs, LLC All rights reserved. Do not copy. Citations welcome. Terms of Use apply.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Persian Empire Language, Writing and Scribes The Persian Empire was vast, over 3,000 miles wide, the world&#8217;s first superpower, starting with Cyrus the Great around 550 BC. Persian rulers were tolerant and allowed different languages, laws, religions, and customs to continue in their conquered regions.\u00a0 Scribes used different languages and writing systems, usually based on the region and type of record. Most surviving records were engraved using a reed stylus on clay tablets. In 1935, Persia was internationally renamed to Iran (Land of the Aryans), its original name before the Greek name was used. Modern Persian language is also referred <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7411,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3121,920],"tags":[1204,2827,2812,2808,2817,2807,2806,2811,2819,2814,2809,2826,1673,158,2810,2828,2816,2803,2813,1874,887,2805,2815],"class_list":["post-7359","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-islamic-law","category-notary-history","tag-alexander-the-great","tag-arab","tag-aramaic","tag-cambyses","tag-clay-tablets","tag-cyrus-cylinder","tag-cyrus-the-great","tag-darius-i","tag-darius-the-great","tag-farsi","tag-herodotus","tag-islam","tag-jesus","tag-language","tag-lost-persian-army","tag-muslim","tag-persepolis","tag-persian-empire","tag-royal-road","tag-scribes","tag-silk-road","tag-writing","tag-zoroastrianism","has_thumb"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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