{"id":5082,"date":"2018-01-16T18:17:24","date_gmt":"2018-01-17T01:17:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/?p=5082"},"modified":"2019-06-30T21:29:25","modified_gmt":"2019-07-01T03:29:25","slug":"de-jure-de-facto-officer-doctrine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/de-jure-de-facto-officer-doctrine\/","title":{"rendered":"De Jure, De Facto Officer Doctrine"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/de-jure-de-facto-officer-doctrine\/#De_Jure_De_Facto_Officer_Doctrine\" >De Jure, De Facto Officer Doctrine<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/de-jure-de-facto-officer-doctrine\/#Usurper_Trespasser_or_Intruder_of_Office\" >Usurper, Trespasser or\u00a0Intruder of Office<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/de-jure-de-facto-officer-doctrine\/#Quo_Warranto\" >Quo Warranto<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/de-jure-de-facto-officer-doctrine\/#Oaths_Administered_by_De_Facto_Officer\" >Oaths Administered by De Facto Officer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/de-jure-de-facto-officer-doctrine\/#De_Facto_Notary_Doctrine\" >De Facto Notary Doctrine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/de-jure-de-facto-officer-doctrine\/#Collateral_Attack_versus_Direct_Attack\" >Collateral Attack versus Direct Attack<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/de-jure-de-facto-officer-doctrine\/#De_Facto_Corporate_Officers_and_Directors\" >De Facto Corporate Officers and Directors<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/de-jure-de-facto-officer-doctrine\/#Certificate_of_Incumbency\" >Certificate of Incumbency<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"De_Jure_De_Facto_Officer_Doctrine\"><\/span><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-5093\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/de-jure-de-facto-officer-doctrine-320x200.jpg\" alt=\"de jure de facto officer doctrine\" width=\"320\" height=\"200\" \/>De Jure, De Facto Officer Doctrine<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In Latin, <strong>de jure<\/strong> means &#8220;of law&#8221; or lawful and <strong>de facto<\/strong> means &#8220;of fact&#8221; or in reality.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sometimes, a <strong>public official<\/strong> may not be in <strong>full compliance<\/strong> with the law (<strong>de jure<\/strong>) regarding the qualifications or requirements of office or the correct procedure for a transaction. Under the <strong>de facto officer doctrine<\/strong>, the acts of the public official will still be held valid, if the official entered the office by appointment or election, and is in <strong>substantial compliance<\/strong> with the law.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to the <strong>United States Supreme Court<\/strong>,\u00a0the de facto officer doctrine springs from the fear of the chaos that would result from multiple and repetitious suits challenging every action taken by every official whose claim to office could be open to question, and seeks to protect the public by insuring the orderly functioning of the government despite technical defects in the title to office. Ryder, 515 U.S. at 180, 115 S.Ct. 2031.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8220;The de facto officer doctrine confers <strong>validity<\/strong> upon acts performed by a person acting under the <strong>color of official title<\/strong> even though it is later discovered that the legality of that person&#8217;s appointment or election to office is deficient.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8220;The rule is well settled that where there is an office to be filled, and one, acting under <strong>color of authority<\/strong>, fills the office and discharges its duties, his actions are those of an officer de facto, and <strong>binding<\/strong> upon the public&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">See Ryder v. United States, 515 U.S. 177, 180, 115 S.Ct. 2031, 132 L.Ed.2d 136 (1995); See also Norton v. Shelby County, 118 U.S. 425, 440 (1886), McDowell v. United States, 159 U.S. 596, 601-02, 16 S.Ct. Ill, 40 L.Ed. 271 (1895)<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Usurper_Trespasser_or_Intruder_of_Office\"><\/span>Usurper, Trespasser or\u00a0Intruder of Office<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A <strong>usurper<\/strong> in possession of office without appointment or election is a <strong>trespasser<\/strong> and not\u00a0regarded as an officer de facto, unless he holds office for such length of time and under\u00a0circumstances as to give him <strong>color of right<\/strong> by reputation, or\u00a0acquiescence on the part of the public. Barring this exception, his acts are absolutely <strong>void<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1946\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/CO-Supreme-Court-scales-240x240.jpg\" alt=\"CO Supreme Court scales\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Quo_Warranto\"><\/span>Quo Warranto<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the absence of special remedies provided by statute, <strong>quo warranto<\/strong> is the appropriate, and generally the exclusive, method of determining disputed questions of <strong>title\u00a0to office<\/strong>, and of ousting an <strong>unlawful incumbent<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If the incumbent is unable to establish a <strong>valid title<\/strong> to the office, a <strong>judgment<\/strong> of <strong>ouster<\/strong> is pronounced against him. The effect of such judgment is to\u00a0legally exclude him at once from the office, and to render\u00a0all acts done by him in an official capacity, subsequent to\u00a0the rendition thereof, <strong>null and void<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.courts.state.co.us\/Courts\/Supreme_Court\/Index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Colorado Supreme Court<\/strong><\/a><\/span> shall have power to issue <strong>writs<\/strong> of quo warranto. <strong>Colorado Constitution<\/strong>, Article VI, Section 3, Judicial Department, Supreme Court<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Every district attorney shall appear in behalf of the state and the several counties of his or her district wherein the state or the people thereof or any county of his district may be a party. CRS\u00a020-1-102<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>District attorney<\/strong> is proper officer to institute quo warranto proceedings in inferior courts. The district attorney, and not the attorney general, is the proper officer to institute proceedings in quo warranto in the inferior courts and he may also under this section follow the case into the supreme court, from which time the attorney general would at once be entitled to control its further progress. People ex rel. Jerome v. Regents of Univ. of Colo., 24 Colo. 175, 49 P. 286 (1897).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The district attorney may institute proceedings in the nature of quo warranto upon his own responsibility, and, if upon request he refuses so to do, a private person, as <strong>relator<\/strong>, may in a proper case institute them without leave of court. People ex rel. Jerome v. Regents of Univ. of Colo., 24 Colo. 175, 49 P. 286 (1897).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Texas <strong>Attorney General<\/strong> wrote legal opinion 1996-056 on the proper procedure for <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/De-Facto-Quo-Warranto-Texas-AG-Opinion-1996-056.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Quo Warranto in Texas<\/a><\/strong><\/span>.\u00a0The proper remedy to question the authority of a de facto public official is a quo warranto proceeding brought in the name of the state by the district attorney or the attorney general.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Willful Impersonation<\/strong>. Any person who acts as, or otherwise willfully impersonates, a <strong>notary public<\/strong> while not lawfully appointed and commissioned to perform notarial acts is guilty of a class 2 <strong>misdemeanor<\/strong>. CRS 12-55-117<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Oaths_Administered_by_De_Facto_Officer\"><\/span>Oaths Administered by De Facto Officer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There is no authority at <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/english-common-law-notaries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>common law<\/strong><\/a><\/span> to administer <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/oath-of-office\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>oaths<\/strong><\/a><\/span>. Midland Steel Co v. Citizens&#8217; Nat. Bank, 34 Ind. App. 107, 72 N. E. 290<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">An oath administered without authority is of no effect. multiple cases<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">An <a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/history-of-the-oath-930-ad\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">oath<\/span><\/a> administered by a de facto holder of an office, the occupant of which is given the authority to administer oaths, is as <strong>binding and valid<\/strong> as that of the de jure holder of such office. Walker v. State, 107 Ala. 5, 18 So. 393 (1895); Izer v. State, 77 Md. 110, 26 Atl. 282<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">An oath administered by a deputy clerk, unauthorized to administer an oath, but done under the authority, direction, knowledge and assent, and in the presence of an officer duly authorized to administer an oath, is the act of the de jure authorized officer. Alabama Supreme Court Walker v. State, 107 Ala. 5, 18 So. 393 (1895) See\u00a0State v. Knight, 84 N.C. 789, 793; Stephens v. State, 1 Swan, 157; Oaks v. Rodgers, 48 Cal. 197<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"De_Facto_Notary_Doctrine\"><\/span>De Facto Notary Doctrine<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/notary_public_90x90.jpg\" alt=\"Colorado Springs mobile notary\" width=\"90\" height=\"90\" \/><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When a person is appointed to the office of notary, but in <strong>good faith<\/strong>, does not know or realize that the notary commission, notarial act or notarial certificate is not in <strong>full compliance<\/strong> with the law (de jure), the <strong>common law<\/strong> principle of de facto notary doctrine will usually allow the notarization to be held as <strong>valid<\/strong> by a court. The consumer is not required to know notary laws or investigate and verify the notary&#8217;s current commission status as de facto or de jure.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">But, if the notary or the consumer knew, or should have known about the defect, error or compliance problem, the court probably would not allow the notarization. But, each case depends on its particular circumstances.\u00a0The ultimate determination rests with the court to decide.\u00a0See Michael L. Closen, The De Facto Notary Doctrine and How To Avoid Tardy Notarizations, The Notary newsletter, May\/June 2001, Notary Law Institute.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The public may view a <strong>Certificate of Fact of Current Notary Status<\/strong> on the Colorado Secretary of State website in the section titled <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-notary-database\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Verify a Notary<\/strong><\/a><\/span>. The official certificate includes a date and time stamp, the notary name, ID number, commission start and end date, a confirmation number, the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-state-seal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Great Seal of the State of Colorado<\/a><\/span> and the signature of the Secretary of State.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In Colorado, the first 4 digits of the notary ID number indicate the year of issue. So, a consumer can know how long a notary has been in office and can choose a notary with more years of service and experience, rather than a new notary still in the learning phase.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Collateral_Attack_versus_Direct_Attack\"><\/span>Collateral Attack versus Direct Attack<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Under the doctrine of de facto officer status, a party may not make a <strong>collateral attack<\/strong> that an act done by an alleged disqualified officer is invalid by attacking official status. The act is generally presumed valid.\u00a0Otherwise, an officer\u2019s right\u00a0to the office could be litigated and decided in a proceeding in which the officer was not\u00a0a party.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A <strong>direct attack<\/strong> may be made in an action in the nature of <strong>quo warranto<\/strong> that the officer is not a de jure officer. Evidence is then presented by the officer and reviewed by <strong>due process<\/strong> to determine if the officer is in full compliance, de jure, or in substantial compliance, de facto, or an intruder or usurper of office, acting without authority, to be ousted by due course of law, and whose acts are not valid.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"De_Facto_Corporate_Officers_and_Directors\"><\/span>De Facto Corporate Officers and Directors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A person, although not a de jure <strong>corporate officer<\/strong> or <strong>director<\/strong>, who exercises some corporate office under some <strong>color of title<\/strong> is often treated as a de facto officer or director, giving <strong>legal effect<\/strong> to such person&#8217;s official acts and precluding <strong>collateral attack<\/strong>, but not <strong>direct attack<\/strong>, on such person&#8217;s official status.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A de facto officer is defined as one who, under <strong>color of authority<\/strong>, exercises a corporate office. H. Henn, Handbook of the Law of Corporations 222 (2d ed. 1970).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The underlying policy for the doctrine of de facto officers is the protection of the interests of the public and individuals dealing with such &#8220;officers.&#8221; W. Fletcher, Cyclopedia of the Law of Private Corporations 384 (Rev. ed. 1969)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A corporate officer who has not taken the <strong>oath<\/strong> required by the <strong>corporate charter<\/strong> is a de facto officer. Simpson v. Garland, 76 Me. 203; Schwab v. Frisco Mining &amp; Milling Co., 21 Utah 258, 60 Pac. 940.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A corporation or LLC might also be de facto due to defective incorporation, organization, negligent reporting or other error or compliance issue.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Certificate_of_Incumbency\"><\/span>Certificate of Incumbency<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A notarized <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/certificate-of-incumbency-company-officers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Certificate of Incumbency<\/strong><\/a><\/span>, listing the current officers or directors, signed and sworn to by a company official, may be used as a form of <strong>evidence<\/strong> of official status.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Disclaimer: Laws change and vary by state. This article is not legal advice. Contact an attorney for legal advice.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Reference<\/strong><br \/>\n1. A Treatise on the De\u00a0Facto Doctrine,\u00a0Albert Constantineau, 1910<br \/>\n2.\u00a0Handbook of the Law of Corporations, Harry G. Henn, 2d ed. 1970<br \/>\n3.\u00a0Cyclopedia of the Law of Private Corporations,\u00a0William Fletcher, Rev. ed. 1969<br \/>\n4. CRS, Colorado Revised Statutes and Colorado Constitution<br \/>\n5. Court cases, as cited<br \/>\n6. Van Alstyne&#8217;s Notary Public Encyclopedia, Peter J. Van Alstyne, 1st ed. 2001<br \/>\n7.\u00a0Treatise on Law of Public Offices,\u00a0Mechem, 1890<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Visit our website for\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/mobile-notary\/\" data-slimstat-async=\"false\" data-slimstat-callback=\"false\" data-slimstat-tracking=\"false\" data-slimstat-type=\"2\" data-slimstat-clicked=\"false\">Colorado Springs Mobile Notary<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0services or\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-notary-training\/\" data-slimstat-async=\"false\" data-slimstat-callback=\"false\" data-slimstat-tracking=\"false\" data-slimstat-type=\"2\" data-slimstat-clicked=\"false\">Colorado Notary Training<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>classes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a9 Copyright 2018\u00a0 ABC Legal Docs, LLC\u00a0 All rights reserved.\u00a0 Do not copy.\u00a0 Citations welcome.\u00a0 Terms of Use apply.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>De Jure, De Facto Officer Doctrine In Latin, de jure means &#8220;of law&#8221; or lawful and de facto means &#8220;of fact&#8221; or in reality. Sometimes, a public official may not be in full compliance with the law (de jure) regarding the qualifications or requirements of office or the correct procedure for a transaction. Under the de facto officer doctrine, the acts of the public official will still be held valid, if the official entered the office by appointment or election, and is in substantial compliance with the law.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5093,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1091,1099,12],"tags":[332,2583,2579,2578,484,299,2574,2575,2585,2576,93,1218,333,5,48,334,2582,257,2581,2584,2577,2580,182],"class_list":["post-5082","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-colorado-law","category-federal-law","category-notary-law","tag-certificate-of-incumbency","tag-collateral-attack","tag-color-of-authority","tag-color-of-title","tag-common-law","tag-corporation","tag-de-facto","tag-de-jure","tag-district-attorney","tag-doctrine","tag-good-faith","tag-impersonation","tag-llc","tag-notary","tag-oath","tag-officer","tag-ouster","tag-public-official","tag-quo-warranto","tag-relator","tag-substantial-compliance","tag-usurper","tag-verify","has_thumb"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - 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Then the notary completes a notarial certificate,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Colorado Law&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Colorado Law","link":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/category\/colorado-law\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"oath of office Lyndon B Johnson Air Force One 1963","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/oath-of-office-Lyndon-B-Johnson-Air-Force-One-1963.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":178,"url":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notarial-certificate-required\/","url_meta":{"origin":5082,"position":4},"title":"Notarial Certificate Required","author":"Jerry Lucas","date":"December 6, 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"Notarial Certificate Required Colorado Notary Training classes must teach the duty to include a notarial certificate on a notarized document.\u00a0 This means that the document must include a certificate for an acknowledgment, signature witness,\u00a0jurat (oath or affirmation), or a copy certification before it is notarized. The document preparer should include\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Colorado Notary Training&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Colorado Notary Training","link":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/category\/colorado-notary-training\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Notarial Certificate Required","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Notarial-Certificate-Required-320x200-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1474,"url":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/can-non-citizen-be-notary\/","url_meta":{"origin":5082,"position":5},"title":"Can a Non-Citizen be a Notary?","author":"Jerry Lucas","date":"July 5, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"Can a Non-Citizen be a Notary? The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that a non-citizen may be a notary.\u00a0 In 1984, in the case of Bernal v. Fainter, 467 U.S. 216, the Supreme Court ruled, 8 to 1, that the State of Texas cannot bar a non-citizen\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Constitution&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Constitution","link":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/category\/constitution\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"US Permanent Resident Card green card non-citizen","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/US-Permanent-Resident-Card-green-card-non-citizen-320x200.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5082","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5082"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5082\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6943,"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5082\/revisions\/6943"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5093"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5082"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5082"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5082"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}