{"id":4149,"date":"2017-05-16T15:34:23","date_gmt":"2017-05-16T21:34:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/?p=4149"},"modified":"2022-04-23T12:41:12","modified_gmt":"2022-04-23T18:41:12","slug":"colorado-justice-of-the-peace-1859-1962","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-justice-of-the-peace-1859-1962\/","title":{"rendered":"Colorado Justice of the Peace, 1859-1962"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-justice-of-the-peace-1859-1962\/#Colorado_Justice_of_the_Peace_1859-1962\" >Colorado Justice of the Peace, 1859-1962<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-justice-of-the-peace-1859-1962\/#Colorado_Justice_of_the_Peace_Authority\" >Colorado Justice of the Peace Authority<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-justice-of-the-peace-1859-1962\/#Colorado_Justice_of_the_Peace_Procedures\" >Colorado Justice of the Peace Procedures<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-justice-of-the-peace-1859-1962\/#Justice_of_the_Peace_History\" >Justice of the Peace History<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-justice-of-the-peace-1859-1962\/#Colorado_Justice_of_the_Peace_History\" >Colorado Justice of the Peace History<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-justice-of-the-peace-1859-1962\/#Kansas_Territory_and_Jefferson_Territory\" >Kansas Territory and Jefferson Territory<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-justice-of-the-peace-1859-1962\/#Colorado_Territory\" >Colorado Territory<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-justice-of-the-peace-1859-1962\/#State_of_Colorado\" >State of Colorado<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-justice-of-the-peace-1859-1962\/#Colorado_Judicial_Reform\" >Colorado Judicial Reform<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Colorado_Justice_of_the_Peace_1859-1962\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Colorado-Justice-of-the-Peace-320x200.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-4156\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Colorado-Justice-of-the-Peace-320x200.jpg\" alt=\"Colorado Justice of the Peace\" width=\"320\" height=\"200\" \/><\/a>Colorado Justice of the Peace, 1859-1962<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In <strong>Colorado<\/strong>, the office of <strong>Justice of the Peace<\/strong> (JP) existed for over 100 years, from 1859 to 1962, when justice of the peace courts were <strong>abolished<\/strong> by voters in a constitutional amendment.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">JP Court&#8217;s <strong>jurisdiction<\/strong> under the <strong>Colorado Constitution<\/strong> of <strong>1876<\/strong> was limited to:<br \/>\n1. only matters involving amounts under $300.<br \/>\n2. no matters involving real estate boundaries or title.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After 1923, they could try\u00a0<strong>misdemeanors<\/strong>, hold preliminary hearings of felony cases, perform <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-marriage-by-proxy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>marriages<\/strong><\/a><\/span>, administer <strong>oaths<\/strong> and <strong>affirmations<\/strong>, and take <strong>acknowledgments<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A JP was required to be a county resident for one year, a\u00a0qualified elector, have a residence and office in the\u00a0township where elected. After the election, they had to post $2,000 bond and take an oath of office. As compensation, they could retain up to $5,000 per year in fees collected, other fees went to the county general fund. Most JPs were older retired men with no legal training. If they lived in the county seat, JP Court was often held in a\u00a0room at the courthouse. In other towns, JP\u00a0court was held at their home or business place.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Colorado_Justice_of_the_Peace_Authority\"><\/span>Colorado Justice of the Peace Authority<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Justices had <strong>jurisdiction<\/strong> to hear cases involving:<br \/>\nbonds, debts, contracts, promises, promissory notes, loans, rent<br \/>\ngoods, merchandise, work, labor, services rendered<br \/>\ntrespass in cutting timber, trespass on personal property,\u00a0trespass on mining claims or real property, covenant<br \/>\nan executor or administrator<br \/>\nassault, battery, affrays<br \/>\nactions against sheriff, coroner\u00a0or constable for malfeasance, misfeasance or nonfeasance<br \/>\nfish and game cases<br \/>\ntraffic cases<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Colorado_Justice_of_the_Peace_Procedures\"><\/span>Colorado Justice of the Peace Procedures<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">justice shall give a bond of $2,000.<br \/>\nsuit shall be filed before justice in the\u00a0<strong>township<\/strong> where defendant resides.<br \/>\nall evidence shall be <strong>under oath<\/strong>.<br \/>\nif witness is unable to attend, a written <strong>deposition<\/strong> may be used.<br \/>\njustice shall issue a\u00a0<strong>subpoena<\/strong> to any required witnesses.<br \/>\nparties may choose to refer the case to <strong>arbitration<\/strong>.<br \/>\neither party may demand a <strong>trial by jury<\/strong> of 6 or 12 persons.<br \/>\njustice may dismiss related, biased or interested witnesses.<br \/>\npersons appearing before justice must maintain a decent, orderly, respectful manner or be fined for <strong>contempt of court<\/strong>.<br \/>\n<strong>execution<\/strong> may be issued as soon as <strong>judgment<\/strong> is rendered, are directed to the constable, and due in 30 days.<br \/>\nparties may <strong>appeal<\/strong> judgment to <strong>county court<\/strong>.<br \/>\nnot a <strong>court of record<\/strong>.<br \/>\nauthorized to receive money due for notes, demands, judgments. Must keep and report a <strong>financial record<\/strong>.<br \/>\njustice shall keep a record book (<strong>docket book<\/strong>) of all cases and judgments and safely keep all file papers.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Justice_of_the_Peace_History\"><\/span>Justice of the Peace History<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The earliest evidence of justice courts is found in a statute of King Edward III of <strong>England<\/strong> in 1327. It established the office of <strong>Conservator of the Peace<\/strong> in each county. Justices had authority to\u00a0keep the peace and to bind criminal offenders over for trial by a higher court. In 1360, power was added to try <strong>felonies<\/strong> and <strong>trespassers<\/strong>. Conservators then became known as the <strong>Justice of the\u00a0Peace<\/strong>. Over the next three centuries, the powers and duties were increased and he became one of the most powerful county officials.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In <strong>Colonial America<\/strong>, the justice was one of the first offices of local government, as early as 1630. They were appointed by the governor and not required to be trained in law.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 1692, Massachusetts Bay Colony authorized the justices &#8220;<em>&#8230;to hear, try and adjudge all manners of debts, trespasses and other matters involving in controversy a\u00a0value not exceeding 40 shillings.<\/em>&#8220;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After the <strong>American Revolution<\/strong> in 1776, the office departed from its English model and devolved from county-wide to precinct-wide or township-wide significance. By 1860, it was a minor office with limited jurisdiction.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Colorado_Justice_of_the_Peace_History\"><\/span>Colorado Justice of the Peace History<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kansas_Territory_and_Jefferson_Territory\"><\/span>Kansas Territory and Jefferson Territory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When gold was discovered in the\u00a0region in 1858, and <strong>Denver\u00a0City<\/strong> was founded, it was still part of Arapahoe County, <strong>Kansas Territory<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Prior to gold mining, the few transient European visitors encountered by Indians were explorers, mountain men, fur trappers, and prairie buffalo hunters. Some trading post forts with residents, including <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/bents-fort-colorado-1842\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Bent&#8217;s\u00a0Fort<\/strong><\/a>,<\/span> were built along rivers, usually at river junctions. To settle criminal charges and legal matters, a few frontier trials were held at a <strong>trappers&#8217; rendezvous<\/strong> or a <strong>trading post<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Judge-Roy-Bean-Langtry-TX.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-3120\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Judge-Roy-Bean-Langtry-TX.jpg\" alt=\"Judge Roy Bean Langtry TX\" width=\"240\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a>As the resident population increased\u00a0due to <strong>gold mining<\/strong> activities, the citizens of Kansas Territory felt a need to have local courts for faster resolution of cases.\u00a0The capital of <strong>Topeka<\/strong> was 600 miles away, too far away. There was no <strong>railroad<\/strong> at the time, so travel by horse was\u00a0time-consuming on poor trails and with the risk of\u00a0attacks by <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/depredation-horses-stolen-by-indians-1872\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Indians<\/strong><\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the mountain <strong>mining districts<\/strong>, citizens set up local <strong>miners&#8217; courts<\/strong>. In the eastern plains, they set up <strong>people&#8217;s\u00a0courts<\/strong> to dispense frontier justice. In 1859, the citizens voted to create the self-proclaimed <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notary-history-jefferson-territory-1859\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Jefferson Territory<\/strong><\/a><\/span> and set up a government including\u00a0a court system. But, Jefferson Territory was\u00a0extralegal, not approved by Congress,\u00a0and the area\u00a0was\u00a0still officially part of Kansas Territory.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jefferson Territory included a Supreme\u00a0Court, District Courts, County\u00a0Courts and <strong>Justice of the Peace\u00a0Courts<\/strong> in 1859.\u00a0The main characteristics of the historical office were included. Justices had jurisdiction over <strong>petty criminal offenses<\/strong> and <strong>civil cases<\/strong> with amounts under <strong>$200<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Colorado_Territory\"><\/span>Colorado Territory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 1861, Congress created <strong>Colorado Territory<\/strong> which joined the <strong>Union<\/strong> although there were\u00a0many <strong>Confederate<\/strong> supporters from the South. It had 17 counties and included land from the previous Kansas Territory, as well as land from Nebraska Territory, New Mexico Territory, and Utah Territory. \u00a0JP jurisdiction was reduced to <strong>$100<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"State_of_Colorado\"><\/span>State of Colorado<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After 15 years as Colorado Territory, the population grew, the railroad had arrived, and Colorado became a state in 1876, with 26 counties, and 4 district courts. The territorial office of Justice of the Peace\u00a0continued on during\u00a0statehood. JP jurisdiction was increased to <strong>$300<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It was often a long distance to a county court or district court, but each community had a local justice of the peace court to settle minor civil matters and disputes. The number of justice of the peace courts increased\u00a0rapidly\u00a0as the state population grew.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Justices were <strong>county officers<\/strong> with two elected per precinct. County commissioners set precinct boundaries. There were few cases in remote and rural areas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Justices had little or <strong>no legal training<\/strong> or knowledge of the law, rules of evidence, and court procedure. Many did not have copies of the Colorado Statutes.\u00a0JP Courts were not coordinated or\u00a0uniform in quality or procedures. Each JP set up and ran court the way\u00a0he liked.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Colorado_Judicial_Reform\"><\/span>Colorado Judicial Reform<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Colorado&#8217;s population grew rapidly before and after World\u00a0War II and problems with the\u00a0JP Courts became apparent. Following several\u00a0studies, the state legislature referred a <strong>constitutional amendment<\/strong> to the voters to reform the state court system. The amendment passed by overwhelming vote and justice of the peace courts were <strong>abolished<\/strong> in <strong>1962<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/CO-Supreme-Court-building-240x140.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1947\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/CO-Supreme-Court-building-240x140.jpg\" alt=\"CO Supreme Court building Denver\" width=\"240\" height=\"140\" \/><\/a>Higher qualifications were set for other judges and the <strong>Colorado Supreme\u00a0Court<\/strong> was responsible for setting uniform standards and procedures for other courts.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Judicial reform also changed the method for selecting judges. Prior to reform, citizens chose judges in <strong>partisan elections<\/strong>. Judges were nominated by a <strong>political party<\/strong> and elected like political candidates. So, Democratic judges were elected in the Democratic cities of Denver and Pueblo, and Republican judges were elected in Colorado Springs, Denver suburbs, and agricultural regions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">With 1966 reform, a judicial nominating commission nominates two or three candidates for an open position to the <strong>Governor<\/strong>.\u00a0Then the Governor makes an appointment choice from that list. During elections, voters are asked &#8220;<em>Shall Judge x be retained in office?<\/em>&#8221; and can vote out bad judges. Party affiliation is not shown on the ballot.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There are now 22 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.courts.state.co.us\/Courts\/Map.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colorado Judicial Districts<\/a><\/strong><\/span> (see map). County judges serve 4-year terms, district judges serve 6-year terms.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In some states, <strong>notaries<\/strong> also have the powers of an <strong>ex-officio justice of the peace<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Image Credits<\/strong>:<br \/>\n1. Colorado Court logo, public domain<br \/>\n2. Judge Roy Bean, Justice of the Peace, Langtry, TX, public domain, fair use for education<br \/>\n3. Colorado Supreme Court Building, Denver, public domain<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Visit our website for <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/mobile-notary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slimstat-async=\"false\" data-slimstat-callback=\"true\" data-slimstat-tracking=\"true\" data-slimstat-type=\"2\" data-slimstat-clicked=\"false\" data-slimstat=\"5\">Colorado Springs Mobile Notary<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0services or <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-notary-training\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slimstat-async=\"false\" data-slimstat-callback=\"true\" data-slimstat-tracking=\"true\" data-slimstat-type=\"2\" data-slimstat-clicked=\"false\" data-slimstat=\"5\">Colorado Notary Training<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>classes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a9 Copyright 2017\u00a0 ABC Legal Docs, LLC\u00a0 All rights reserved.\u00a0 Do not copy.\u00a0 Citations welcome.\u00a0 Terms of Use apply.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Colorado Justice of the Peace, 1859-1962 In Colorado, the office of Justice of the Peace (JP) existed for over 100 years, from 1859 to 1962, when justice of the peace courts were abolished by voters in a constitutional amendment. JP Court&#8217;s jurisdiction under the Colorado Constitution of 1876 was limited to: 1. only matters involving amounts under $300. 2. no matters involving real estate boundaries or title. After 1923, they could try\u00a0misdemeanors, hold preliminary hearings of felony cases, perform marriages, administer oaths and affirmations, and take acknowledgments. A JP was required to be a county resident for one year, a\u00a0qualified <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4156,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3210,1091,920],"tags":[17,471,2391,2392,524,485,1003,2388,355,2390,507,2312,309,1332,2393,2389],"class_list":["post-4149","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-colorado-history","category-colorado-law","category-notary-history","tag-colorado","tag-colorado-territory","tag-conservator","tag-county","tag-election","tag-england","tag-history","tag-jp","tag-judge","tag-judgment","tag-jurisdiction","tag-justice-of-the-peace","tag-marriage","tag-political-party","tag-precint","tag-township","has_thumb"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - 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