{"id":4135,"date":"2017-05-14T20:11:38","date_gmt":"2017-05-15T02:11:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/?p=4135"},"modified":"2025-12-03T17:12:59","modified_gmt":"2025-12-04T00:12:59","slug":"law-merchant-pie-powder-courts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/law-merchant-pie-powder-courts\/","title":{"rendered":"Law Merchant, Pie Powder Courts, 1066"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/law-merchant-pie-powder-courts\/#Law_Merchant_Pie_Powder_Courts\" >Law Merchant, Pie Powder Courts<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/law-merchant-pie-powder-courts\/#Law_Merchant_Courts\" >Law Merchant Courts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/law-merchant-pie-powder-courts\/#Pie_Powder_Courts\" >Pie Powder Courts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/law-merchant-pie-powder-courts\/#Staple_Courts\" >Staple\u00a0Courts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/law-merchant-pie-powder-courts\/#Common_Law_Courts\" >Common Law Courts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/law-merchant-pie-powder-courts\/#Magna_Carta_and_the_Law_Merchant\" >Magna Carta and the Law Merchant<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/law-merchant-pie-powder-courts\/#Notaries_and_the_Law_Merchant\" >Notaries and the Law Merchant<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/law-merchant-pie-powder-courts\/#Surviving_Customs_of_the_Law_Merchant\" >Surviving Customs of the Law Merchant<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/law-merchant-pie-powder-courts\/#End_of_the_Law_Merchant\" >End of the Law Merchant<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/law-merchant-pie-powder-courts\/#Find_a_Medieval_Fair_or_Renaissance_Fair\" >Find a Medieval Fair or Renaissance Fair<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Law_Merchant_Pie_Powder_Courts\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Law-Merchant-pie-powder-courts-320x200.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-4139 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Law-Merchant-pie-powder-courts-320x200.jpg\" alt=\"Law Merchant pie powder courts\" width=\"320\" height=\"200\" \/><\/a>Law Merchant, Pie Powder Courts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In Europe in the <strong>Middle Ages<\/strong>, the <strong>Law Merchant<\/strong> was comprised of two branches,\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/marine-protest-maritime-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>maritime law<\/strong><\/a><\/span> and <strong>commercial law<\/strong>. Both applied to <strong>merchants<\/strong>, who formed a separate class. The laws differed from the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/english-common-law-notaries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>common law<\/strong><\/a><\/span>, grew from the customs of merchants and were originally administered in either the same or in similar <strong>courts<\/strong>, separate from ordinary courts.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Simple rules were needed by merchants, acceptable to traders from many countries.\u00a0The laws were private\u00a0<strong>international law<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Customs for <strong>maritime law<\/strong> in England were based on the <strong>Rules of\u00a0Oleron<\/strong>, France, 1160, brought back from the Second Crusade. They are traced to the sea laws of <strong>Rhodes<\/strong> and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notaries-ancient-phoenicia-1500-bc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Phoenicia<\/strong><\/a><\/span>, were adopted by seaports, and later inserted into the <strong>Black Book of the Admiralty<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Law Merchant developed in the early <strong>11th century.<\/strong>\u00a0Traders could negotiate <strong>contracts<\/strong>, <strong>partnerships<\/strong>, <strong>trademarks<\/strong>, and other acts of buying and selling. Like the <strong>jus gentium<\/strong>\u00a0(<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notary-powers-and-duties-by-law-of-nations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>law of nations<\/strong><\/a><\/span>) of early <strong>Rome<\/strong>, the law merchant was different from existing rules that varied from place to place because it was uniform in <strong>international<\/strong> use.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Law_Merchant_Courts\"><\/span>Law Merchant Courts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The history of the tribunals that administered the Law Merchant falls into three periods. First, the <strong>maritime law<\/strong> and <strong>commercial law<\/strong> was administered in <strong>local courts<\/strong>, up to the reign of Edward III, 1327. Second,\u00a0the rise of the <strong>Court of Admiralty<\/strong>\u00a0for maritime law in the mid 14th century. Third,\u00a0the decline of the special commercial law courts as\u00a0they were absorbed into the <strong>common law<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The courts were the courts of the fairs, important towns, and the Staple.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pie_Powder_Courts\"><\/span>Pie Powder Courts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Medieval-tent.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-4140\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Medieval-tent.jpg\" alt=\"Medieval tent\" width=\"128\" height=\"128\" \/><\/a>For centuries in the Middle Ages, much of the trade was conducted at <strong>trade fairs<\/strong>, held around <strong>holy days<\/strong>. The word fair is from the Latin word \u201cferia\u201d meaning holy day. Originally fairs\u00a0were sponsored by churches to raise funds.\u00a0In England, fairs started following the\u00a0<strong>Norman Conquest<\/strong> of England in 1066.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Traveling merchants set up their wares in temporary tents. To attract a crowd, entertainment included singers, dancers, musicians, jugglers, magicians, acrobats, stilt walkers, fools, and archery tournaments. Food, refreshments, and drinking were available. Money changers exchanged foreign coins for local coins for a fee. Workers were allowed time off for the fair.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The license for the fair included the right to hold a <strong>pie-powder court<\/strong>\u00a0to settle disputes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to a 1483 statute of King Richard III, An Act for the Trial of Matters at Courts of Piepowder in Fairs:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cit hath been all times accustomed, that every person coming to the said fairs, should have lawful remedy of all manner of contracts, trespasses, covenants, debts, and other deeds made or done within any of the same fairs, during the time of the said fair, and within the jurisdiction of the same, and to be <strong>tried by the merchants<\/strong> being of the same fair.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Some<strong>\u00a0trade fair<\/strong> locations included Stamford, Nottingham, St. Ives, and Leicester in England;\u00a0Champagne, Saint-Denis, and Lyons in France; Germany, Italy, Flanders, and Antwerp, with merchants from all of Europe.\u00a0For several days or more, goods were bought and sold, orders were given and taken, payments and contracts were made. Then the merchants moved on to the next fair location.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The name <strong>pie-powder\u00a0court<\/strong>\u00a0was derived from the <strong>dusty feet<\/strong> of the participants (from French pied poudr\u00e9, \u201cdusty foot\u201d), because the merchants traveled on dusty roads and courts were often held outdoors at fairs. The court was comprised of three or four merchants who made quick decisions about <strong>trade disputes<\/strong>, often within hours or tides, enabling participants to move on quickly.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">So-called half-tongue <strong>juries<\/strong> were made up of half local merchants and half foreign merchants.\u00a0For speed, judgments were oral, written affidavits and cross-examinations were not used. They also ruled on <strong>crimes<\/strong> committed at the fair.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Towns had a <strong>Merchant Guild<\/strong>, made up of merchants, who sometimes arbitrated disputes, but mostly acted as a protective <strong>trade union<\/strong>. As early as 1154, merchants settled disputes in Milan, Italy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The fairs of <strong>Champagne<\/strong> ended when <strong>King Philip IV<\/strong> began taxing the fairs and no longer allowed\u00a0judgments by merchant courts. Italian merchants then traveled in convoys to fairs in England using new navigational instruments and improved maps to venture beyond the Mediterranean into the Atlantic.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">King Philip then targeted the wealth and power of the <strong>Knights Templar<\/strong> to escape debt, by controlling the new <strong>Pope<\/strong> from France.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Staple_Courts\"><\/span>Staple\u00a0Courts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For more convenient <strong>customs collections<\/strong>, the Ordinance of the Staple in 1353 designated some ports as\u00a0<strong>Staple Towns<\/strong>. They were the only places where important goods of wool, leather, lead and tin were traded. They included York, Bristol, Newcastle, Westminster, Canterbury, Dublin, and Cork. \u00a0In <strong>Staple Courts<\/strong>, headed by the mayor and two constables, the Law Merchant was used, not common law.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Law_Courts\"><\/span>Common Law Courts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As commerce increased in the 14th and 15th centuries, large traders became distinct from small traders. Some held <strong>monopolies<\/strong>, and it was felt that some <strong>regulation<\/strong> was needed. Domestic merchant powers had practically ceased in the 16th century, but some merchant fair courts survived.\u00a0Domestic merchants were treated the same as non-merchants under common law, by Common Law Courts.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In England, domestic merchant powers were finally abolished by the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835. In 1807, France enacted the Code of Commerce, one of five codes of <strong>Napoleon<\/strong>. In Germany, a Uniform Commercial Code was published in 1861.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Magna_Carta_and_the_Law_Merchant\"><\/span>Magna Carta and the Law Merchant<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Article 41 of the\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/magna-carta-1215\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Magna Carta<\/strong><\/a><\/span>, enacted by King John in 1215, authorized merchants to \u201c<em>enter or leave England unharmed and without fear<\/em>\u201d and merchants \u201c<em>may stay or travel within it [England], by land or water, for the purposes of <strong>trade<\/strong>, free from all illegal exactions, in accordance with ancient and lawful customs<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Notaries_and_the_Law_Merchant\"><\/span>Notaries and the Law Merchant<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Knights-Templar-Jacques-de-Molay.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-4101\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Knights-Templar-Jacques-de-Molay.jpg\" alt=\"Knights Templar Jacques de Molay\" width=\"100\" height=\"131\" \/><\/a>The <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notaries-and-the-knights-templar-1119-1307\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Knights Templar<\/strong><\/a><\/span>, founded in 1119 after the <strong>First Crusade<\/strong>, developed banking systems, credit and <strong>notary services<\/strong>. <strong>Notaries<\/strong> prepared, sealed and authenticated commercial documents and were recognized internationally.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The notary made copies of the contract for the buyer and the seller and kept a copy in the <strong>notary protocol<\/strong>. Decisions of arbiters were registered with a notary. Merchants also used notarized contracts to hire <strong>agents<\/strong> to represent them.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Official state and church notaries were used since Ancient Rome to\u00a0write, certify and store documents. In the 11th century, <strong>lay notaries<\/strong>\u00a0emerged in Italy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">From the mid 13th century <strong>notarial contracts<\/strong> were common in Italy. In 1245, one notary in Marseilles, France drafted more than a thousand commercial\u00a0documents. From 1326 in Champagne, France, fair contracts were required to be in notarial form.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Notaries introduced a legal phraseology, <em>stylus\u00a0mercatorum<\/em>, to commercial\u00a0documents, bringing uniformity.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Surviving_Customs_of_the_Law_Merchant\"><\/span>Surviving Customs of the Law Merchant<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The medieval Law Merchant has left a legacy in modern commercial practices.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A <strong>bill of exchange<\/strong> payable to the bearer on demand was used by merchants as early as the 13th century, but not seen in common law courts until 1603.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notary-with-christopher-columbus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Columbus<\/strong><\/a><\/span> landed in 1492, as European countries began to explore and colonize the <strong>New World<\/strong>, <strong>colonial companies<\/strong> were formed, the first was the <strong>Dutch East India Company<\/strong> in 1602. The liability of each member was limited to his contribution and share certificates were transferable. Colonial companies were refined into the modern <strong>corporation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Common Law<\/strong> kept certain rules of the Law Merchant, including the law of <strong>negotiable instruments<\/strong>, <strong>protest<\/strong> of a<strong> foreign bill of exchange<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>bills of lading<\/strong>, <strong>international carriage<\/strong>, <strong>no warranty of title<\/strong> in a sale of goods, and the use of <strong>earnest money<\/strong> to bind a bargain.\u00a0The law allowed money and land of a debtor to be attached.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Many contracts include a <strong>mediation<\/strong> or <strong>arbitration<\/strong> clause where disputes are settled outside of court.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"End_of_the_Law_Merchant\"><\/span>End of the Law Merchant<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Foreign trade remained governed longer by the Law Merchant as customary <strong>international law<\/strong>. By the end of the 17th century, the Law Merchant was absorbed into the ordinary <strong>courts of law and equity<\/strong>. Merchants could turn to <strong>arbitration<\/strong> or the courts of law.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 1622, merchant Gerard de Malynes wrote the treatise Consuetudo vel <strong>Lex Mercatoria<\/strong> or the <strong>Ancient Law Merchant<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The complete incorporation of the Law Merchant in England with the common law began in 1756 by chief justice <strong>Lord Mansfield<\/strong>, founder of <strong>commercial law<\/strong> in England.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the U.S., the Law Merchant was codified in the <strong>Uniform Commercial Code<\/strong> (<strong>UCC<\/strong>), a body of law that governs mercantile transactions, adopted by the states.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Find_a_Medieval_Fair_or_Renaissance_Fair\"><\/span>Find a Medieval Fair or Renaissance Fair<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">See a list of <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Renaissance_fairs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">medieval and renaissance fairs<\/a><\/strong><\/span> to find one in your area.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Image Credits<\/strong>:<br \/>\n1. Jousting Knights at Texas Renaissance Festival\u00a0by Clinton &amp; Charles Robertson, Texas [CC BY-SA 2.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons<br \/>\n2. Medieval tent by Tux Paint (https:\/\/tuxpaint.org\/) [GPL (https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/licenses\/gpl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons<br \/>\n3. Knights Templar, Grand Master Jacques de Molay, nineteenth-century color lithograph by Chevauchet [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Visit our website for <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/mobile-notary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slimstat-async=\"false\" data-slimstat-callback=\"true\" data-slimstat-tracking=\"true\" data-slimstat-type=\"2\" data-slimstat-clicked=\"false\" data-slimstat=\"5\">Colorado Springs Mobile Notary<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0services or <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-notary-training\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slimstat-async=\"false\" data-slimstat-callback=\"true\" data-slimstat-tracking=\"true\" data-slimstat-type=\"2\" data-slimstat-clicked=\"false\" data-slimstat=\"5\">Colorado Notary Training<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>classes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a9 Copyright 2017\u00a0 ABC Legal Docs, LLC\u00a0 All rights reserved.\u00a0 Do not copy.\u00a0 Citations welcome.\u00a0 Terms of Use apply.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Law Merchant, Pie Powder Courts In Europe in the Middle Ages, the Law Merchant was comprised of two branches,\u00a0maritime law and commercial law. Both applied to merchants, who formed a separate class. The laws differed from the common law, grew from the customs of merchants and were originally administered in either the same or in similar courts, separate from ordinary courts. Simple rules were needed by merchants, acceptable to traders from many countries.\u00a0The laws were private\u00a0international law. Customs for maritime law in England were based on the Rules of\u00a0Oleron, France, 1160, brought back from the Second Crusade. They are traced <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4139,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[920,12],"tags":[522,484,43,2337,2179,523,513,2385,2387,5,2384,2386,828],"class_list":["post-4135","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-notary-history","category-notary-law","tag-commercial-law","tag-common-law","tag-contract","tag-international-law","tag-knights-templar","tag-law-merchant","tag-maritime-law","tag-middle-ages","tag-negotiable-instrument","tag-notary","tag-pie-powder-courts","tag-trade-fair","tag-ucc","has_thumb"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - 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Here is the current Colorado statute, known as a reception statute, first adopted in Colorado Territory in 1861: Colorado CRS 2-4-211.\u00a0 Common Law of England The common law of England so far as the same\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Colorado History&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Colorado History","link":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/category\/colorado-history\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"English common law for notaries","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/English-common-law-for-notaries-320x200.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":3239,"url":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notary-school-of-bologna-renaissance-italy-1228\/","url_meta":{"origin":4135,"position":5},"title":"Notary School of Bologna, Renaissance Italy, 1228","author":"Jerry Lucas","date":"November 28, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Notary School of Bologna, Renaissance Italy, 1228 In 1228 AD, before the Renaissance began, the Notary School of Bologna, Scuola di Notariato,\u00a0started in Bologna, in northern Italy. 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