{"id":3329,"date":"2016-12-25T17:46:56","date_gmt":"2016-12-26T00:46:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/?p=3329"},"modified":"2021-04-24T14:04:40","modified_gmt":"2021-04-24T20:04:40","slug":"history-of-the-oath-930-ad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/history-of-the-oath-930-ad\/","title":{"rendered":"History of the Oath, 930 AD"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/history-of-the-oath-930-ad\/#History_of_the_Oath_930_AD\" >History of the Oath, 930 AD<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/history-of-the-oath-930-ad\/#English_Laws_Regarding_Witnesses\" >English Laws Regarding Witnesses<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/history-of-the-oath-930-ad\/#Oath_Changes_After_the_Norman_Conquest_in_1066\" >Oath Changes After the Norman Conquest in 1066<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/history-of-the-oath-930-ad\/#Nothing_But_the_Truth\" >Nothing But the Truth<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/history-of-the-oath-930-ad\/#Sacred_Stones_and_Other_Objects\" >Sacred Stones and Other Objects<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/history-of-the-oath-930-ad\/#Chinese_Chicken_Oath\" >Chinese Chicken Oath<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/history-of-the-oath-930-ad\/#Coronation_Oath\" >Coronation Oath<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/history-of-the-oath-930-ad\/#Perjury\" >Perjury<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/history-of-the-oath-930-ad\/#English_Common_Law_in_North_America\" >English Common Law in North America<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/history-of-the-oath-930-ad\/#Affirmation_in_Lieu_of_Oath\" >Affirmation in Lieu of Oath<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/history-of-the-oath-930-ad\/#Authority_to_Administer_an_Oath\" >Authority to Administer an Oath<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"History_of_the_Oath_930_AD\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Washington-oath-inauguration-1789-320x200.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-4020 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Washington-oath-inauguration-1789-320x200.jpg\" alt=\"Washington oath inauguration 1789\" width=\"320\" height=\"200\" \/><\/a>History of the Oath, 930 AD<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The word <strong>oath<\/strong> comes from <strong>Anglo-Saxon<\/strong>. <strong>Athelstan<\/strong> was King of the Anglo-Saxons from 924 to 927 AD, and the first <strong>King of England<\/strong> from 927 to 939. He united the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms into England.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The requirement for credible witnesses to commercial transactions can be traced as far back as <strong>Kentish law<\/strong> of the seventh century. The laws\u00a0were promulgated by Kings Hlothhere and Eadric between 673 and 685 and survive in the <em>Textus Roffensis<\/em> (Rochester law book), Hlothere and Eadric\u2019s code, Decree 11.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>If any man of Kent buys chattel (property) in London, he shall have with him two or three unblemished freemen (honest men) or the king\u2019s town-reeve as <strong>witness<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Around\u00a0930 AD, Athelstan compiled a code of laws.\u00a0Cattle theft was a problem. To prove\u00a0rightful ownership from\u00a0a\u00a0sale or trade, the\u00a0law\u00a0required that the sale of chattel (property) be witnessed by a neutral third party. The <strong>impartial witness<\/strong>\u00a0would take an <strong>oath<\/strong> to act truthfully and in the law&#8217;s best interest.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"English_Laws_Regarding_Witnesses\"><\/span>English Laws Regarding Witnesses<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Athelstan-stained-glass.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-3341\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Athelstan-stained-glass.jpg\" alt=\"Athelstan stained glass\" width=\"133\" height=\"200\" \/><\/a>Athelstan, Council of Greatanlea, ordinance 12: And we have ordained, that no man buy any property out of port over 20 pence; but let him buy there within, on the <strong>witness<\/strong> of the <strong>port-reeve<\/strong>, or of another unlying man; or further, on the witness of the reeves at the folk-mote <\/em>[town meeting]<em>. <\/em>[a <strong>reeve<\/strong> was a magistrate for a port, town or\u00a0<strong>shire<\/strong>, a shire-reeve, or <em><strong>sheriff<\/strong>]<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Athelstan, The Dooms of the Witan of Exeter, Capitulary 1: And let there be named in every reeves district as many men as are known to be unlying, that they may be for <strong>witness<\/strong> in every suit. And be the <strong>oaths<\/strong> of these unlying men according to the worth of the property without election. <\/em>[a jury list of &#8220;good men and true&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>King Edgar&#8217;s Laws, Capitulary 6: <\/em>[Edgar the Peaceful, reigned 959 to 975]<em> And let every man, with their <strong>witness<\/strong>, buy and sell every of the chattels that he may buy or sell, either in a burh <\/em>[burg, fortress]<em>\u00a0or in a hundred <\/em>[unit of a county, wapentake in Danish]<em>; and let every of them, when he is first chosen as witness, give the <strong>oath<\/strong> that he never, neither for money, nor for love, nor for fear, will deny any of those things of which he was witness, nor declare any other thing in witness save that alone which he saw or heard; and of such <strong>sworn men<\/strong> let there be at every <strong>bargain<\/strong> two or three as witness.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The unlying man\u00a0witness was a port <strong>reeve<\/strong>, priest,\u00a0landowner, or one of the king&#8217;s financial officers.\u00a0Purchasers were instructed to inform their neighbors of the names of witnesses to their purchases.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Oath_Changes_After_the_Norman_Conquest_in_1066\"><\/span>Oath Changes After the Norman Conquest in 1066<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In 1066, <strong>William the Conqueror<\/strong>, the Duke of Normandy, began the <strong>Norman Conquest<\/strong> by defeating England at the Battle of Hastings.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The recording of legal matters in writing developed mainly after the Norman Conquest. The Normans also brought the use of the <strong>seal<\/strong>, adopted from the Roman chancery practice of the Catholic church.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Since writing provided more permanent and reliable evidence than an oral declaration, the English courts placed more credence on it.\u00a0 A <strong>deed<\/strong> was a written document sealed by the maker as evidence of his consent. At first, deeds were accompanied by oaths. But, the oath requirement for deeds was dropped from use while the legal pre-requisites of writing, sealing, and delivery (signed, sealed, and delivered) remained.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nothing_But_the_Truth\"><\/span>Nothing But the Truth<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The 13th century marked\u00a0the first use of the phrase \u201c<em>the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth<\/em>,\u201d in an oath, which became a routine part of English trials.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Ancient oaths referred to local gods, or sacred relationships, including &#8220;<em>I call <strong>Zeus<\/strong> to witness<\/em>&#8220;, &#8220;<em>by the immortal gods<\/em>&#8220;, or &#8220;<em>I call to witness the ashes of my ancestors<\/em>.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Some oaths include a <strong>curse<\/strong> for perjury, as &#8220;<em>May the gods destroy me,&#8221; if I speak falsely<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sacred_Stones_and_Other_Objects\"><\/span>Sacred Stones and Other Objects<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">From ancient times, <strong>sacred stones<\/strong> were used in oath-taking ceremonies. In <strong>Ancient Rome<\/strong>, a <strong>Jupiter Stone<\/strong> (Iuppiter Lapis), in the Temple of Jupiter, was considered to represent the god Jupiter, as the divine law giver.\u00a0The severe\u00a0penalty for breaking the oath was shown at the time of sacrifice, a part of the ceremony. In the ancient world, sacrifice was often part of the oath ceremony.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">When ancient tribes chose a king, they would stand on stones, signifying a strong, steadfast, enduring commitment.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The Old and New Testaments contain religious and ceremonial references to stone.\u00a0In <strong>Hebrew<\/strong>, the word <em><strong>eben-ezer<\/strong><\/em> means \u201cstone of help,\u201d referring to a stone monument memorializing help from God.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Churches were often built upon religious sites, marked by the presence of sacred stones.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In addition to sacred stones, other sacred objects, including altars, were used to take an oath. Some warriors, including ancient Greeks, Romans, and some\u00a0Germanic peoples, swore on their weapons, perhaps as emblems of the war god. Oaths by <strong>weapons<\/strong> lasted into the Christian period.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In northern <strong>Siberia<\/strong>, indigenous Ostyak and Vogul hunters and trappers regard the <strong>bear<\/strong> as the most holy animal. For a binding oath, they swear on the head of a bear.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In India, some indigenous tribes swore on the head or skin of a <strong>tiger<\/strong>, because being killed by a tiger meant you could not be reincarnated and would be forever extinguished from the world, both physically and spiritually.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The <strong>Celts<\/strong> often threw valuable swords, spears and shields into sacred rivers, lakes, and bogs as a sacrificial offering to the gods.\u00a0 Insular Celts of the British Isles swore their oaths by their tribal gods, and the land, sea, and sky; as in, &#8220;I swear by the gods by whom my people swear&#8221; and &#8220;If I break my oath, may the land open to swallow me, the sea rise to drown me, and the sky fall upon me.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Using an <strong>oathing stone<\/strong> is an old Scottish tradition where the bride and groom place their hands upon a stone while saying their wedding vows, taken from the ancient Celtic custom of setting an oath in stone.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">A\u00a0<strong>blood oath<\/strong>, to signify brotherhood or an alliance, required each party to make a small cut in the finger, hand or forearm and mix blood as they pressed the wounds together.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Garlic<\/strong> and <strong>onions<\/strong> were treated as gods by the\u00a0<strong>Egyptians<\/strong> when taking an oath, says Pliny, while Juvenal derides them for their veneration of these garden-born deities.\u00a0 But there is no direct evidence from the monuments of their having been sacred. They were admitted as common offerings on every altar. Onions and other vegetables were not forbidden to the general public. They were principal articles of food.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chinese_Chicken_Oath\"><\/span>Chinese Chicken Oath<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In 1902, the Supreme Court of British Columbia swore in a Chinese witness in a murder trial by administering a <strong>chicken oath<\/strong> ceremony, as was the custom in his home province in <strong>China<\/strong>. After discussion by the court, the oath was written on yellow Chinese paper.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">&#8220;King&#8217;s Oath&#8221; made by [witness signature].<br \/>\n[Recites charges against the accused]<br \/>\nBeing a true witness, I shall enjoy happiness and my sons and grandsons will prosper forever.<br \/>\nIf I falsely accuse [prisoner] I shall die on the street, Heaven will punish me, earth will destroy me, I shall forever suffer adversity, and all my offspring be exterminated.<br \/>\nIn burning this oath I humbly submit myself to the will of Heaven which has brilliant eyes to see.<br \/>\nThe 27th year of the reign of Kwang Su, the 16th day, the 9th moon.<br \/>\n[witness signature]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Note: Kwang Su (Guangxu ) was the tenth Emperor of the Qing dynasty in China, from 1875 to 1908.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Outside the courtroom, the witness read the signed written oath out loud, wrapped it in Joss paper used for religious ceremonies, placed a <strong>rooster<\/strong> on a chopping block, and chopped its head off.\u00a0 Then the witness set fire to the oath paper using two lit Chinese candles, stuck in the ground. alongside three punk sticks. The witness held the burning oath until it was consumed by fire.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Coronation_Oath\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/map-Anglo-Saxon-British-kingdoms.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-3349\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/map-Anglo-Saxon-British-kingdoms.jpg\" alt=\"map Anglo-Saxon British kingdoms\" width=\"169\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a>Coronation Oath<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The <strong>coronation oath<\/strong> was administered to every <strong>king<\/strong> and <strong>queen<\/strong>, by an archbishop or bishop of the realm, in the presence of the people, who reciprocally took an <strong>oath of allegiance<\/strong> to the crown.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">It reads: <em>Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern\u00a0the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same?<\/em>\u00a0Reply: I solemnly promise so to do.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Will you to your power, cause law and justice, in mercy to be executed in all your judgments?<\/em>\u00a0Reply: I will.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Will you to the utmost of your power, maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the gospel, and the protestant reformed religion, established by the law? \u00a0And will you preserve unto the bishops and clergy of this realm, and to the churches committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges as by law, do or shall appertain unto them, or any of them?<\/em> \u00a0Reply: All this I promise to do.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The king or queen shall lay a hand upon the <strong>holy gospels<\/strong>, and say <em>the things which I have here before promised, I will perform and keep, <strong>so help me God<\/strong>,<\/em> and shall then <strong>kiss<\/strong> the book.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Perjury\"><\/span>Perjury<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Lying under oath about a material, relevant fact is the crime of <strong>perjury<\/strong>. There were no penalties for perjury until the mid-16th century. It was originally believed that the risk of God&#8217;s <strong>vengeance<\/strong> would compel the witness to tell the truth.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"English_Common_Law_in_North_America\"><\/span>English Common Law in North America<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/King-James-Version-Bible-1611.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-3342\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/King-James-Version-Bible-1611.jpg\" alt=\"King James Version Bible 1611\" width=\"192\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a>American\u00a0law comes from <strong>English common law<\/strong>, except for <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/louisiana-notary-powers\/\">Louisiana<\/a><\/strong><\/span>, from French law. <strong>Jamestown Colony<\/strong> (1607), the <strong>Pilgrims<\/strong> (1620) and other New England and Atlantic Coast colonists brought English laws and traditions to America.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">After swearing the oath, witnesses were expected to <strong>kiss<\/strong> the Bible. This is depicted in the inauguration of <strong>George Washington<\/strong> in 1789 (see mural above), in the video from the 2008 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lD7b7repoRM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">HBO mini-series John Adams, Part 4, Reunion [new window]<\/a><\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The <strong>raised right hand<\/strong> is lifted up toward God. The gesture of lifting the hand toward <strong>heaven<\/strong> was an Israelite form of oath. Abraham said\u00a0to the king of Sodom, &#8220;<em>I have lifted up mine hand unto the Lord, God Most High, possessor of heaven and earth<\/em>.&#8221; Genesis 14:22<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The phrase &#8220;<strong><em>So help me God<\/em><\/strong>&#8220;, is often traditionally added to the end of an\u00a0oath.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Affirmation_in_Lieu_of_Oath\"><\/span>Affirmation in Lieu of Oath<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In the Judeo-Christian tradition, witnesses raised their hand toward God when swearing an oath (see Gen. 14:22-23, Deut. 32:40, Dan. 12:7, Rev. 10:5-6). This may be the origin of the custom of asking the witness to raise his or her right hand when making an oath in legal proceedings.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">After the <strong>Reformation<\/strong> and the split from the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notaries-and-the-church\/\"><strong>Roman Catholic Church<\/strong><\/a><\/span> during the reign of King Henry VIII (1509-47) there was more religious opposition to giving an oath. Quakers, Mennonites, Moravians, and other religious dissenters declined to swear an oath before God, because of an admonition by Jesus Christ to &#8220;<em>Swear not at all; neither by heaven &#8230; nor by the earth &#8230;<\/em>&#8221; (Matt. 5:34-37).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">To accommodate these groups, an affirmation was added as an alternative procedure.\u00a0 As a result, courts are no longer so strict about ensuring that oaths contain a religious element. A witness can choose to affirm, rather than swear an oath.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">An <strong>affirmation<\/strong> is a secular variant of the oath. It is a declaration made on personal honor, promising to tell the truth, without any reference to a deity or sacred object.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In court, a witness may testify under solemn oath or affirmation. A\u00a0court may\u00a0allow a minor witness to &#8220;promise&#8221; to tell the truth.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Holy\u00a0books, other than the\u00a0<strong>Bible<\/strong>, may be used for a solemn\u00a0oath, to accommodate other religions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">If the phrase <em>sworn to<\/em>\u00a0is used, it is an oath. For an affirmation, the word affirmed is used. Many documents combine the words into the phrase, sworn to or affirmed, to include either method to encourage telling the truth.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Authority_to_Administer_an_Oath\"><\/span>Authority to Administer an Oath<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Only certain authorized <strong>public officials<\/strong>, including <strong>notaries<\/strong>, may administer a\u00a0solemn oath or affirmation. \u00a0An oath or affirmation may not be self-administered.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Image credits<\/strong>:<br \/>\n1. George Washington inauguration oath,\u00a0[Public domain] U.S. capitol mural<br \/>\n2. King Athelstan, stained glass, [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons<br \/>\n3. Map of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, by Sakurambo [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons<br \/>\n4. King James Bible, 1611, by Church of England [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Visit our website for <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/mobile-notary\/\">Colorado Springs Mobile Notary<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0services or <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-notary-training\/\">Colorado Notary Training<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>classes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[Last-Modified Date 2017-04-23] new image<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a9 Copyright 2016\u00a0 ABC Legal Docs, LLC\u00a0 All rights reserved.\u00a0 Do not copy.\u00a0 Citations welcome.\u00a0 Terms of Use apply.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>History of the Oath, 930 AD The word oath comes from Anglo-Saxon. Athelstan was King of the Anglo-Saxons from 924 to 927 AD, and the first King of England from 927 to 939. He united the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms into England. The requirement for credible witnesses to commercial transactions can be traced as far back as Kentish law of the seventh century. The laws\u00a0were promulgated by Kings Hlothhere and Eadric between 673 and 685 and survive in the Textus Roffensis (Rochester law book), Hlothere and Eadric\u2019s code, Decree 11. If any man of Kent buys chattel (property) in London, he shall <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4020,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[920],"tags":[49,2189,2190,350,3109,894,2195,2194,485,2198,2200,1673,2193,1166,2199,3048,148,48,2196,51,2191,2192,2201,2197,3049,22],"class_list":["post-3329","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-notary-history","tag-affirmation","tag-anglo-saxon","tag-athelstan","tag-bible","tag-chicken-oath","tag-china","tag-coronation","tag-ebenezer","tag-england","tag-english-common-law","tag-george-washington","tag-jesus","tag-jupiter-stone","tag-king","tag-kiss","tag-norman-conquest","tag-notaries","tag-oath","tag-oath-of-allegiance","tag-perjury","tag-reeve","tag-sacred-stone","tag-shire","tag-so-help-me-god","tag-william-the-conqueror","tag-witness","has_thumb"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - 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Hammurabi worked to fight corruption in public officials\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Notary History&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Notary History","link":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/category\/notary-history\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Code of Hammurabi","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Code-of-Hammurabi-320x200.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":271,"url":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/statutory-oath-constitutional-oath\/","url_meta":{"origin":3329,"position":2},"title":"Statutory Oath vs Constitutional Oath","author":"Jerry Lucas","date":"February 11, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Statutory Oath vs Constitutional Oath In some states, notaries take a Constitutional Oath, in other states they take a Statutory Oath. In the notary application process, a Colorado notary makes an affirmation (sworn statement under penalty of perjury) to obey notary laws.\u00a0 The current form used by the Colorado Secretary\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Constitution&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Constitution","link":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/category\/constitution\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Colorado Notary Law","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/Colorado_Notary_Law_120x80.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":224,"url":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/oath-of-office\/","url_meta":{"origin":3329,"position":3},"title":"Oath of Office","author":"Jerry Lucas","date":"January 27, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Oath of Office Under Colorado notary law, a notary is authorized to administer an oath,\u00a0affirmation, or oath of office.\u00a0 An oath or affirmation is usually administered to a document signer, to certify that the statements written on a document are true and correct. Then the notary completes a notarial certificate,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Colorado Law&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Colorado Law","link":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/category\/colorado-law\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"oath of office Lyndon B Johnson Air Force One 1963","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/oath-of-office-Lyndon-B-Johnson-Air-Force-One-1963.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":4668,"url":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-teachers-oath-of-allegiance\/","url_meta":{"origin":3329,"position":4},"title":"Colorado Teacher&#8217;s Oath of Allegiance","author":"Jerry Lucas","date":"September 5, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"Colorado Teacher's Oath of Allegiance Colorado Senate Bill 17-296, signed and effective June 2, 2017, requires all Colorado public school educators (teachers, special services providers, principals and administrators), except temporary teachers who are citizens of a foreign country, to take or sign the Colorado teacher's oath of allegiance to uphold\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Colorado Law&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Colorado Law","link":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/category\/colorado-law\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Colorado Teacher's Oath","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Colorado-Teachers-Oath-320x200.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1551,"url":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/constitutional-oath-of-office-form\/","url_meta":{"origin":3329,"position":5},"title":"Constitutional Oath of Office Form","author":"Jerry Lucas","date":"August 12, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"Constitutional Oath of Office Form The Colorado Constitution, Article 12, Section 8, requires persons holding a position of civil office to take a constitutional oath or affirmation of office, before taking public office. Section 8.\u00a0\u00a0Oath of civil officers. Every civil officer, except members of the general assembly and such inferior\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Colorado Law&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Colorado Law","link":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/category\/colorado-law\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Constitution We the People constitutional oath","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Constitution-We-the-People-320x200.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3329","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3329"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3329\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9426,"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3329\/revisions\/9426"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4020"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3329"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3329"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3329"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}